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The EU has been one of the most active promoters of the Peace Formula initiative proposed by President Zelenskyy. European institutions and member states provided substantial support in the preparation for the first Global Summit on Peace in Ukraine, held in Switzerland in June 2024.
At this stage, Russia’s position on peace negotiations to end the war is based on two key factors. The first and main factor is to demonstrate exclusively maximalist conditions for both ending the war and starting negotiations
As the Union considers integrating new members – particularly Ukraine, Moldova, and the countries of the Western Balkans – the perspectives of Central and Eastern European (CEE) states play a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of this process.
The concept of Zeitenwende, or “turning point,” has become a central pillar of Germany’s reorientation in foreign and security policy in the wake of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The invasion of Ukraine exposed significant gaps in Germany’s security strategy, forcing the country to confront uncomfortable realities. Initially introduced by Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Zeitenwende was framed as a decisive break from Germany’s post-Cold War strategic culture.
Facing hybrid threats, Ukraine’s Armed Forces were compelled to develop a dedicated CIMIC capability to manage interactions with civilians, authorities, and humanitarian actors in active conflict zones.
Ukraine’s resilience has been driven not only by its military, but also by the mobilization of civil society and the private sector. NGOs, volunteers, and businesses have played a crucial role in humanitarian aid, economic stability, and defense support.
On 18 December 2024, the Nordic-Baltic – Ukraine Forum took place in Stockholm, Sweden, bringing together representatives from Ukraine and the Nordic and Baltic countries.
The paper researches the vulnerabilities of the mentioned states to Russian hybrid and non-linear aggression. Additionally, the project focuses on analysing the strategies and tactics that Ukraine has effectively deployed in countering similar threats and evaluating how these countermeasures can serve as adaptable models for bolstering defense of Ukraine’s neighbouring states.